Saturday 23 March 2013

EXAMPLE PROGRAMS


EXAMPLE -1
class StackDemo{
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    Stack st1= new Stack();
    Stack st2 = new Stack();

    // push some numbers onto the stack
    for(int i=0; i<10; i++) st1.push(i);
    for(int i=10; i<20; i++) st2.push(i);

    // pop those numbers off the stack
    System.out.println("Stack in st1:");
    for(int i=0; i<10; i++)
       System.out.println(st1.pop());

    System.out.println("Stack in st2:");
    for(int i=0; i<10; i++)
       System.out.println(st2.pop());

    // these statements are not legal
    // st1.tos = -2;
    // st2.stck[3] = 100;
  }
}
OUTPUT
C:\SATYA>javac StackDemo.java
C:\SATYA>java StackDemo

C:\SATYA>


EXAMPLE -2

// Improved Stack class that uses the length array member.
class Stack {
  private int stk[];
  private int tos;

  // allocate and initialize stack
  Stack(int size) {
    stk = new int[size];
    tos = -1;
  }

  // Push an item onto the stack
  void push(int item) {
    if(tos==stk.length-1) // use length member
      System.out.println("Stack is full.");
    else
      stk[++tos] = item;
  }

  // Pop an item from the stack
  int pop() {
    if(tos < 0) {
      System.out.println("Stack underflow.");
      return 0;
    }
    else
      return stk[tos--];
  }
}

class StackDemo2 {
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    Stack st1 = new Stack(5);
    Stack st2 = new Stack(8);

    // push some numbers onto the stack
    for(int i=0; i<5; i++) st1.push(i);
    for(int i=0; i<8; i++) st2.push(i);

    // pop those numbers off the stack
    System.out.println("Stack in mystack1:");
    for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
       System.out.println(st1.pop());

    System.out.println("Stack in mystack2:");
    for(int i=0; i<8; i++)
       System.out.println(st2.pop());
  }
}
C:\SATYA>javac StackDemo2.java
C:\SATYA>java StackDemo2

C:\SATYA>




EXAMPLE -3
// Demonstrate static variables, methods, and blocks.
class UseStaticdemo {
  static int x = 3;
  static int y;

  static void moth(int z) {
    System.out.println("z = " +z);
    System.out.println("x = " + x);
    System.out.println("y = " +y);
  }

  static {
    System.out.println("Static block initialized.");
   y = x * 4;
  }

  public static void main(String args[]) {
    moth(42);
  }
}
OUTPUT:
C:\SATYA>javac UseStaticdemo1.java
C:\SATYA>java  UseStaticdemo1
Z = 42
X = 3
Y = 12

EXAMPLE -4

// Using abstract methods and classes.
abstract class A {
  double x;
  double y;

 A(double a, double b) {
    x = a;
    y = b;
  }

  // area is now an an abstract method
  abstract double area();
}

class B extends A {
  B(double a, double b) {
    super(a, b);
  }

  // override area for B
  double area() {
    System.out.println("Inside Area for B.");
    return x * y;
  }
}

class C extends A {
  C(double a, double b) {
    super(a, b);
  }

  // override area for right C
  double area() {
    System.out.println("Inside Area for Triangle.");
    return  (x*y)/ 2;
  }
}

class AbstractAreasDemo {
  public static void main(String args[]) {
  //  A f = new A(10, 10); // illegal now
   B r = new B(9, 5);
    C t = new C(10, 8);
   
    A  x;// this is OK, no object is created

    x = r;
    System.out.println("Area is " + x.area());
   
    x = t;
    System.out.println("Area is " + x.area());
  }
}
OUTPUT:
C:\SATYA>javac AbstractAreasDemo.java
C:\SATYA>java AbstractAreasDemo
Inside Area for B
Area is 45.0
Inside Area for Triangle.
Area is 40.0

EXAMPLE -5

// A Simple demonstration of abstract.
abstract class A {
  abstract void call1();

  // concrete methods are still allowed in abstract classes
  void call2() {
    System.out.println("This is a concrete method.");
  }
}

class B extends A {
  void call1() {
    System.out.println("B's implementation of callme.");
  }
}

class AbstractDemo {
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    B b = new B();

    b.call1();
    b.call2();
  }
}
OUTPUT:
C:\SATYA>javac AbstractDemo.java
C:\SATYA>java AbstractDemo
B’s implementation of callme.
This is a concrete method.

EXAMPLE -6
// Demonstrate when constructors are called.

// Create a super class.
class A {
  A() {
    System.out.println("Inside A's constructor.");
  }
}

// Create a subclass by extending class A.
class B extends A {
  B() {
    System.out.println("Inside B's constructor.");
  }
}

// Create another subclass by extending B.
class C extends B {
  C() {
    System.out.println("Inside C's constructor.");
  }
}
 
class CallingConsDemo {
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    C c = new C();
  }
}
OUTPUT:
C:\SATYA>javac CallingCons.java
C:\SATYA>java  CallingCons
Inside A’s constructor.
Inside B’s constructor.
Inside C’s constructor.


EXAMPLE –7
// Method overriding. demo
class A {
  int i, j;

  A(int a, int b) {
    i = a;
    j = b;
  }

  // display i and j
  void show() {
    System.out.println("i and j: " + i + " " + j);
  }
}

class B extends A {
  int k;

  B(int a, int b, int c) {
    super(a, b);
    k = c;
  }

  // display k -- this overrides show() in A
  void show() {
    System.out.println("k: " + k);
  }
}
 
class OverrideDemo {
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    B b = new B(1, 2, 3);

    b.show(); // this calls show() in B
  }
}
OUTPUT:
C:\SATYA>javac OverrideDemo.java
C:\SATYA>java  OverrideDemo
K=3



EXAMPLE –8

// Methods with differing type signatures are overloaded -- not overridden.
class X {
  int i, j;

  X(int a, int b) {
    i = a;
    j = b;
  }

  // display i and j
  void show() {
    System.out.println("i and j: " + i + " " + j);
  }
}

// Create a subclass by extending class A.
class Y extends X {
  int k;

  Y(int a, int b, int c) {
    super(a, b);
    k = c;
  }

  // overload show()
  void show(String msg) {
    System.out.println(msg + k);
  }
}
 
class Override1 {
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    Y b = new Y(1, 2, 3);

    b.show("This is k: "); // this calls show() in Y
   b.show(); // this calls show() in X
  }
}
OUTPUT:
C:\SATYA>javac OverrideDemo1.java
C:\SATYA>java  OverrideDemo1
This is k:3
i and j:1 2

EXAMPLE -9

// A simple example of inheritance.

// Create a superclass.
class A {
  int i, j;

  void showij() {
    System.out.println("i and j: " + i + " " + j);
  }
}

// Create a subclass by extending class A.
class B extends A {
  int k;

  void showk() {
    System.out.println("k: " + k);
  }
  void sum() {
    System.out.println("i+j+k: " + (i+j+k));
  }
}
 
class SimpleInheritance {
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    A a = new A();
    B b = new B();

    // The superclass may be used by itself.
    b.i = 10;
   b.j = 20;
    System.out.println("Contents of b: ");
   b.showij();
    System.out.println();

    /* The subclass has access to all public members of
       its superclass. */
    b.i = 7;
    b.j = 8;
    b.k = 9;
    System.out.println("Contents of subOb: ");
    b.showij();
    b.showk();
    System.out.println();

    System.out.println("Sum of i, j and k in b:");
    b.sum();
  }
}
OUTPUT:
C:\SATYA>javac SingleInheritance.java
C:\SATYA>java  SingleInheritance
Contents of b:
i and j:10 20
Contents of subOb:
i and j:7 8
k: 9
Sum of i, j and k in b:
i+j+k:24

EXAMPLE -10

// Using super to overcome name hiding.
class A {
  int i;
}

// Create a subclass by extending class A.
class B extends A {
  int i; // this i hides the i in A

  B(int a, int b) {
    super.i = a; // i in A
    i = b; // i in B
  }

  void show() {
    System.out.println("i in superclass: " + super.i);
    System.out.println("i in subclass: " + i);
  }
}
  
class UseSuperDemo {
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    B b = new B(1, 2);

    b.show();
  }
}
OUTPUT:
C:\SATYA>javac UseSuperDemo.java
C:\SATYA>java  UseSuperDemo
i in superclass : 1
i in subclass : 2


EXAMPLE -11

// Demonstrate static variables, methods, and blocks.
class UseStaticDemo {
  static int a = 10;
  static int b;

  static void meth(int x) {
    System.out.println("x = " + x);
    System.out.println("a = " + a);
    System.out.println("b = " + b);
  }

  static {
    System.out.println("Static block initialized.");
    b = a * 6;
  }

  public static void main(String args[]) {
    meth(42);
  }
}
OUTPUT:
C:\SATYA>javac UseStaticDemo.java
C:\SATYA>java  UseStaticDemo
Static block initialized.
x = 42
a = 10
b = 60 

EXAMPLE -12

// Dynamic Method Dispatch
class A {
   void callme() {
     System.out.println("Inside A's callme method");
  }
}

class B extends A {
  // override callme()
  void callme() {
    System.out.println("Inside B's callme method");
  }
}

class C extends A {
  // override callme()
  void callme() {
    System.out.println("Inside C's callme method");
  }
}

class Dispatch {
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    A aa = new A(); // object of type A
    B bb= new B(); // object of type B
    C cc = new C(); // object of type C
    A rr; // obtain a reference of type A   

    rr = aa; // rr refers to an A object
    rr.callme(); // calls A's version of callme

    rr = bb; // rr refers to a B object
    rr.callme(); // calls B's version of callme

    rr = cc; // rr refers to a CC object
    rr.callme(); // calls C's version of callme
  }
}
OUTPUT:
C:\SATYA>javac Dispatch.java
C:\SATYA>java  Dispatch
Inside A’s callme method
Inside B’s callme method
Inside C’s callme method

JAVA CLASSPATH


A class path is an environmental variable, which tells the java virtual machine and other java tools (java, javac), where to find the class libraries, including user-defined class libraries.
            By default, java uses the classpath as

            C:\jdk1.2.1\lib\classes.zip
           
            A user defined class path is set for the environment as

            C:\>SET CLASSPATH=%CLASSPATH%;C:\P

Access Protection


Java provides four types Access modifiers as public, private, default and protected.  Any variable declared as public, it could be accessed from anywhere.  Any variable declared as private cannot be seen outside of its class.  Any variable declared as default, it is visible to subclasses as well as to other classes in the same package.  Any variable declared as protected, it allows an element to be seen outside of current package, but only to classes that subclass directly.


public
private
default
protected
Same class
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Same package sub class
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Same package non-subclass
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Different package sub class
Yes
No
No
Yes
Different package non-subclass
Yes
No
No
No

Example:

package p1;
public class protect
{
            int n=1;
            private int n_pri=2;
            protected int n_pro=3;
            public int n_pub=4;
            public protect()
            {
            System.out.println("Super constructor");
            System.out.println("default="+n);
            System.out.println("private="+n_pri);
            System.out.println("protected="+n_pro);
            System.out.println("pubic="+n_pub);
            }
}

package p1;
class derive extends protect
{
            derive()
            {
            System.out.println("Sub constructor");
            System.out.println("default="+n);
            //System.out.println("private="+n_pri);
            //since it is a private variable in package p1
            System.out.println("protected="+n_pro);
            System.out.println("pubic="+n_pub);
            }
}


import p1.protect; 
class same
{
            public static void main(String[] args)
            {
                        protect obj=new protect();
            }
}